The Chicago Manual of Style is a style guide commonly used by
professional authors, editors, and typesetters.  The Manual features
two basic documentation systems.  Documentation One--thedocumentary-note
or humanities style--uses notes for citations and may or may not 
include a bibliography.  Documentation Two--the author-date system
uses parenthetical citations in the text accompanied by a bibliographic
reference list.  


NOTE: It's very important to identify which documentation style an
instructor expects you to use. At Hunter, the History Department
requires The Chicago Manual's Documentation One style.  Most other
courses at Hunter require the MLA or APA documentation style. Always
check with your instructor if you are uncertain which style to use.    



DOCUMENTATION ONE--Documentary-Note Style
      Notes are numbered consecutively throughout the texts, appearing as
Arabic numerals raised 1/2 space above the text, following quotations or
other references. 
     A list of notes including bibliographic information for each citation
may appear in footnotes at the bottom of each page or in endnotes, appearing
at the end of the text.  In general, unless otherwise specified, endnotes
are preferred.
     If a bibliography is included,  it follows the same format as in
Documentation Style Two.

*For more information on Footnote and Endnote Styles, see On-line resource
file: Bibliography and Endnote Forms


Note Reference Numbers

     The raised numerals used for reference in the text should follow
any punctuation marks except the dash [--].  They should also be placed
outside parentheses.

     "This,"  George Templeton Strong once wrote approvingly, "is what our
     tailors can do."1 (In an earlier book he had said quite the opposite.)2   

     This was obvious in the Shotwell series3--and it must be remembered
     that Shotwell was a student of Robinson.

     Preferably, the note number follows a quotation, but occasionally it
may be inserted after an author's name or after text introducing the
quotation.



Footnote/Endnote Style
     Documentary notes should appear in numerical order at the bottom of
each page or on a separate page at the end of a text.  Notes should follow
the following forms:

For a Book:
     Note Number. Author's Name, Title (City of publication: publisher, 
     year).

For a Periodical:
     Note Number. Author's Name, "Article Title," Periodical Name Volume
     Number (year): pages.


Sample Notes
For A Book with one author
     1Emery Blackfoot, Chance Encounters (Boston: Serendipity Press, 1987).    

For A Book with more than one author
     (Author's names appear in the order they appear on the title page of
     the book).
     2Arthur Weinberg and Lila Weinberg, Clarence Darrow; A sentimental
Rebel (New York: Putnam's Sons, 1980) 

For a Periodical
     3Noel Robertson, "The Dorian Migration and Corinthian Ritual,"
Classical Philology 75 (1980): 19-20.


Note that:     -The first line is indented.  Any additional lines in the
                note are not indented.
               -The author's name appears with the given name first and the
                family name last.


DOCUMENTATION TWO--Author-Date Style
     Authors' names and dates of publication are given in
the text, usually in parentheses, and keyed to a list of works cited, which
is placed at the end of the book or article.  (Note that "author" means the
name under which the work is alphabetized in the list of works cited and may
thus refer to an editor, compiler, or organization as well as an individual
author or group of authors.)

Citations within the text
Author's name not mentioned in your text
     When you introduce material without using the author's name, give the
     last name of the author and the year of publication of the work, with
     no punctuation between them:

     One study (Smith 1988) has reported findings at variance with the
     foregoing. 

Author's name mentioned in your text
     If you use the author's name to introduce the material cited, give only
     the year of publication in parentheses after the author's name:

     Smith (1988) has reported findings at variance with the foregoing.

Citing a specific page, chapter,  or other section
     This information follows the date, preceded by a comma. Do not use "p."
     or "pp." with page numbers:

     In some cases, patients lose the will to live (Hughes 1990, 74).
     
     Bothwell claims that achievement tests are biased (1987, 121-30).

A work with more than one author
     For works with two or three authors, list all names:

     Another study showed similar results (Mead and Samuels 1991).

     Sleep deprivation was severe in 40% of those studied (Wynken, Blinken,
     and Nodd 1988).

     Wynken, Blinken, and Nodd (1988) found that sleep deprivation was
     severe in 40% of those studied.

     For works with more than three authors, use the name of the first
     followed by "et al." or "and others."

A work by a named group
     When a source has no individual authors named and is published by a
     corporation, government agency, association, or other named group, the
     name of that group usually serves as the author's name. Most of these
     may be used in full. Some, however, are lengthy or composed of several
     parts and are therefore awkward in text references. Abbreviated or
     shortened forms are desirable for these, but the entry in the reference
     list should begin with the element used in the text reference.



Reference List
     The list of works cited is arranged alphabetically at the end of the
paper and may bear the title "Reference List," "Works Cited," "Literature
Cited," "Bibliography," or some variation of these, depending on what seems
most appropriate.  The first line of each entry in the reference list is not
indented; all subsequent lines are indented.

Note:   1. The author's initials are usually used instead of the full name.
        2. The date of publication is placed after the author's name.
        3. Only the first letter of the main title, the first letter of the
           subtitle, and proper nouns are  capitalized.
        4. The subtitle is often omitted; article titles are sometimes
           omitted.
        5. There are no quotation marks around article titles.
        6. Publishers' names and titles of journals are often abbreviated.


     The recommended format for a reference list in a paper using the
author-date system is as follows:

For a Book:
     Smith, J. Q.  1986.  Urban turmoil: The politics of hope.  New City,
     NY: Polis.
               -or-
     Smith, J. Q.  1986.  Urban turmoil.  New City, NY: Polis.

For a Journal:
     Wise, P.  1987.  Money today: Two cents for a dollar. No Profit Rev.
     2: 123-42. 
               -or-
     Wise, P.  1987.  Money today. No Profit Rev. 2: 123-42.
               -or-
     Wise, P.  1987.  No Profit Rev. 2: 123-42.



  FOR FURTHER INFORMATION, CONSULT THE CHICAGO MANUAL OF STYLE, AVAILABLE
  ON THE FOURTH FLOOR (REFERENCE AREA) OF THE HUNTER COLLEGE LIBRARY.